The black students at Harvard and other northern white colleges such as Columbia, Rutgers, and University of Pennsylvania would utilize black nationalist and militant organizational strategies in service of integrationist goals on campus. The black student struggles used the fiery rhetoric of nationalism, formed alliances with local community members of militant organizations, and thought of themselves as adherents of the nationalist ideology. They brilliantly and strategically exercised their agency by combining the two deeply embedded political traditions of radicalism and moderation in the course of the 1960s campus struggle.